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'''Bright's disease''' is a historical classification of [[Nephrology|kidney diseases]] that would be described in modern [[medicine]] as [[Acute (medical)|acute]] or [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] [[nephritis]]. The term is no longer used, as diseases are now classified according to their more fully understood [[etiology|causes]].<ref name="pmid4562073">{{cite journal |author=Cameron JS |title=Bright's disease today: the pathogenesis and treatment of glomerulonephritis--I |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=4 |issue=5832 |pages=87–90 contd |year=1972 |month=October |pmid=4562073 |pmc=1786202 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.4.5832.87|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4263317">{{cite journal |author=Cameron JS |title=Bright's disease today: the pathogenesis and treatment of glomerulonephritis. II |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=4 |issue=5833 |pages=160–3 contd |year=1972 |month=October |pmid=4263317 |pmc=1786377 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.4.5833.160|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4563134">{{cite journal |author=Cameron JS |title=Bright's disease today: the pathogenesis and treatment of glomerulonephritis. 3 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=4 |issue=5834 |pages=217–20 |year=1972 |month=October |pmid=4563134 |pmc=1786525 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.4.5834.217|url=}}</ref> It is typically denoted by the presence of [[serum albumin]] (blood plasma protein) in the [[urine]], and frequently accompanied by [[edema]] and [[hypertension]]. ==Symptoms== These common [[symptom]]s of kidney disease were first described in 1827 by the English physician [[Richard Bright (physician)|Richard Bright]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Bright | first = R | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy, vol. I | publisher = Longmans | date = 1827-1831 | location = London | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> It is now known that the symptoms accompany various morbid kidney conditions.<ref name="pmid12381966">{{cite journal |author=Wolf G |title=Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819-1885) and Bright's disease |journal=American journal of nephrology |volume=22 |issue=5-6 |pages=596–602 |year=2002 |pmid=12381966 |doi= 10.1159/000065291|url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=ajn22596}}</ref> Thus, the term ''Bright's disease'' is retained strictly for historical application.<ref name="pmid2682170">{{cite journal |author=Peitzman SJ |title=From dropsy to Bright's disease to end-stage renal disease |journal=The Milbank quarterly |volume=67 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=16–32 |year=1989 |pmid=2682170 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The formation of bilateral [[kidney stones]] often indicates underlying [[chronic kidney disease]]. These stones involve [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] crystal formations such as [[calcium oxalate]]. Excess [[serum calcium]] can result from [[Hypovitaminosis D#Risk_factors|hypovitaminosis D]], or [[vitamin D]] deficiency, that causes the body initially to lose serum calcium to the point where [[parathyroid hormone]] is produced to leach sufficient amounts of [[calcium]] from the [[bone]]s, (resulting in [[Osteoporosis|bone loss]]) to more than make up the difference (shutting down parathyroid hormone production). [[Oxalic acid]] is found in chocolate, peanuts, certain types of berries, and other foods,<ref>http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/abramowitz/pages/oxalicacid1small.html</ref>{{dead link|date=April 2013}} and when combined with calcium will form calcium oxalate crystal [[kidney stones]] that can drive up blood pressure like any other serum salt, block urinary flow within the kidneys, and cause physical kidney damage and pain. Researchers at [[Rockefeller University]] Hospital are studying [[arteriosclerosis]] in connection with this vitamin D deficiency, calcium plaque build-up, and kidney problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/2008/08/26/40917.aspx|title=Role of vitamin D in kidney disease examined|date=August 26, 2008|publisher=News Medical}}</ref> The symptoms are usually severe. [[Back pain]], phantom [[testicle pain|testicular pain]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/testicular_disorders/page3.htm|title=Testicular Disorders|publisher=Medicine Net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000458.htm#Symptoms|title=Kidney Stones|publisher=Medline Plus}}</ref> in males, elevated blood pressure, [[vomiting]] and [[fever]] commonly signal an attack. [[Edema]], varying in degree from slight puffiness of the face to an accumulation of [[body fluids|fluid]] sufficient to distend the whole body, and sometimes severely restricted [[breath]]ing, is very common. Urine is reduced in quantity, is of dark, smoky or bloody color, and has higher levels of [[albumin]] ([[albuminuria]]). Under the microscope, [[blood cells|blood corpuscles]] and [[urinary casts]] are found in abundance. This state of acute [[inflammation]] may severely limit normal daily activities, and if left unchecked, may lead to one of the chronic forms of Bright's disease. In many cases though, the inflammation is reduced, marked by increased urine output and the gradual disappearance of its albumen and other abnormal by-products. A reduction in edema and a rapid recovery of strength usually follows. ==Treatment== Acute Bright's disease was treated with local depletion (bleeding or blood-letting to reduce blood pressure), warm baths, [[diuretic]]s, and [[laxative]]s. The disease was diagnosed often in [[diabetic]] patients. There was no successful treatment for chronic Bright's disease, though dietary modifications were sometimes suggested. See [[Hay diet]], named after [[William Howard Hay]] MD, who suffered from the illness and supposedly cured himself after accepted medical methods of the early 1900s failed to do so. The diet involves promoting [[Acid-base homeostasis|alkali and acid balance]] through consuming various foods and beverages, thereby lowering the kidney's involvement with [[Acid-base homeostasis|blood pH balancing.]] Successful treatment for [[type II diabetes]] would reverse elevated glucose and insulin insensitivity problems throughout the body, especially in nerves and kidneys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kdd/|title=Kidney Disease of Diabetes|publisher=National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)}}</ref> == Notable people with Bright's disease == * [[Isaac Albéniz]], Spanish composer * [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]], [[Tsar of Russia]] * [[Paul Edward Anderson]], weightlifter and "The Strongest Man in the World" * [[Chester A. Arthur]], 21st President of the United States * [[Harry Arundel]], professional [[baseball]] player * [[Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor|Abu Bakar of Johor]], [[Sultan of Johor]] (died 1895) * [[Washington Bartlett]], Mayor of San Francisco and Governor of California * [[James Gillespie Blaine]], U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time Secretary of State and nominee for president in 1884, developed Bright's disease and died in 1893.<ref>Martin, George. ''The Damrosch Dynasty'', Houghton Mifflin Company 1983, p. 125.</ref> * [[Madame Blavatsky]], founder of the [[Theosophical Society]] and author of [[The Secret Doctrine]] * [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], British engineer * [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], Russian author of the novel ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' as well as various other novels and plays * [[John Bunny]], American vaudeville and silent film comedian, 1915 * [[George-Étienne Cartier]], one of the fathers of the [[Canadian Confederation]] * Lydia Cassatt, older sister of the artist [[Mary Cassatt]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Barter|first=Judith|title=Mary Cassatt: Modern woman|year=1998|publisher=Abrams, Inc.|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8109-4089-2|pages=56|edition=1. ed.}}</ref> *[[Lorne Chabot]], professional ice hockey player * [[Ty Cobb]], Hall of Fame [[baseball]] player * [[James Creelman]], Canadian [[yellow journalist]], died of the disease in February 1915 on his way to cover [[World War I]] from the German front * [[Louis Cyr]], Canadian strongman * [[Marcus Daly]], Butte Montana Copper King * [[Jessie Bartlett Davis]], contralto; mentor of [[Carrie Jacobs-Bond]] * [[Emily Dickinson]], (1830- May 15, 1886) American poet * [[Catherine Eddowes]], fourth victim of the canonical five murdered by Jack the Ripper in 1888 * [[Henry Edwards (entomologist)]] * [[Arnold Ehret]] (1866–1922) a diet reformer, had cured himself of Bright's disease after he had been given up by medical doctors and after a nature cure could bring him only temporary relief. He discovered that fasting and a diet "free of mucus and albumin", consisting mainly of fruits cured not only his illness but other chronic disease.<ref>''Nature Doctors Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine'', Kirchfeld and Boyle, NCNM Press, 2005, p. 215.</ref> * [[Elizabeth F. Ellet]] (1818–1877), American writer and poet * Father [[Frederick William Faber]], [[Oratory of St. Philip Neri|C.O.]], (1814-1863) English Catholic priest and noted hymn writer, founder of the [[Brompton Oratory]] * [[Andrew Hull Foote]] (1806-1863), Federal naval officer during the American Civil War * [[May Agnes Fleming]] (1840–1880), Canadian-American writer * [[Sydney Greenstreet]] (1879–1954), English actor * [[Dean Hart]], professional wrestler (member of the [[Hart family]]) * [[Harry T. Hays]], [[Confederate Army]] general and [[Louisiana]] politician * [[David B. Hill]] (1843-1910), American politician and Governor of New York * [[Winifred Holtby]] (1898–1935), English novelist and journalist * [[Robert Wood Johnson I]] (1845-1910), one of the founders of [[Johnson & Johnson]] and its first CEO * [[David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Mahinulani Nalaiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua]] (1836-1891), [[King of Hawaii]] from 1874 to 1891 * [[Kitty Kiernan]], fiancée of Irish revolutionary leader and chairman of the Provisional Government [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] (all of her five siblings also suffered from the disease) * [[Aldo Leopold]], environmentalist * [[H. P. Lovecraft]], science-fiction/horror author died from a combination of Bright's disease and intestinal cancer * Sir [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie]] (1764–1820), Scottish explorer, first European to traverse North America and commercial partner in the North West Company * [[Rowland Hussey Macy]], founder of RH Macy & Company ([[Macy's]] [[department store]]) * [[Jervis McEntee]], Hudson River School Painter (1828-1891) * [[Abbot]] [[Gregor Mendel]], [[Order of St. Augustine|O.S.A.]], [[friar]] and [[scientist]] whose paper ''Experiments in Plant Hybridization'' showed that inheritance follows specific laws. His research led to the science of [[genetics]] * Father [[Edward McGlynn]], Roman Catholic priest and social reformer from [[New York City]], 1900 * [[John Milne]], British seismologist, father of modern seismology, died of Bright's Disease. * [[Billy Miske]], American boxer (1894-1924) * Elizabeth Mitchell-Smith; first wife of [[John Cobb (racing driver)]] * [[Helena Modjeska]], Polish-American actress, real-estate investor, and philanthropist, 1909 * [[Commodore Nutt]], [[Dwarfism|dwarf]] who became [[celebrity|famous]] working for [[P T Barnum]] * [[Chief Ouray]], Native American peacemaker, chief of the [[Ute people|Ute]] nation (1833–1880) * [[Isaac Parker]], "Hanging Judge" of the American West * [[Linus Pauling]], [[chemist]] and two-time [[Nobel laureate]] was successfully treated for a severe form of Bright's disease by [[Thomas Addis]] * [[Howard Pyle]] (March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911), American illustrator and writer * [[Bass Reeves]], the first black commissioned United States deputy marshal west of the Mississippi River, 1910 * Al Ringling, one of the five founders of the [[Ringling Brothers Circus]] * [[Henry Hobson Richardson]], American architect, died of the disease in 1886 * [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt]], first wife of [[Theodore Roosevelt]] * [[Hannah de Rothschild]], Jewish English countess and philanthropist * [[Richard Warren Sears]], founder of [[Sears, Roebuck and Company]] * [[Jimmy Sebring]], [[Major League Baseball|professional baseball]] player * [[Kate Shelley]], [[Irish-American]] woman famous for crossing a damaged railroad bridge in a storm to save a train full of passengers * Father [[Edward Sorin]], [[Congregation of Holy Cross|C.S.C.]], founder of the [[University of Notre Dame]] and [[St Edward's University]] * [[Charles Spurgeon|Charles Haddon Spurgeon]], English Baptist pastor in London, nicknamed "The Prince of Preachers" * [[Bram Stoker]] (1847–1912), writer of ''[[Dracula]]''. Died having suffered from Bright's disease and two separate strokes. * [[Victor Trumper]], Australia's legendary batsman, one of the best "wet wicket" cricketers Australia ever produced, 1915 * [[George Tyrrell]], [[modernist Roman Catholic]] priest <ref>Nicholas Sagovsky, ‘Tyrrell, George (1861–1909)’, [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> * [[William Wynn Westcott]], Supreme Magus of the [[Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia]] and co-founder of the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]]<ref>Farrell, Nick. ''King Over The Water'', Kerubim Press, 2012, pg. 151</ref> * [[Ellen Axson Wilson|Ellen Wilson]], first wife of US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] * [[Ross Youngs]] (1897–1927), professional baseball player; Giants outfielder and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Charley|title=The Emerald Diamond|year=2012|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-208988-5|pages=137-139}}</ref> * [[Louis Van Zelst]], a hunchback who was a mascot for University of Pennsylvania and The Philadelphia Athletics until his death from Bright's Disease in 1915 * [[Karl Guthe Jansky]] (1905-1950), discoverer of radio waves emanating from the Milky Way.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sullivan III|first=W.T.|title=The early years of radio astronomy|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-25485-X|pages=4}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kidney diseases]] [[Category:Obsolete medical terms]]
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