Crow Nation

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Montana Tribal History Timelines
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Crow Reservation Timeline
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Crow Tribe
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March 2010
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The Montana Tribal Histories Reservation Timelines are collections of significant events as referenced by tribal
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representatives, in existing texts, and in the Montana tribal colleges’ history projects. While not all-encompassing,
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they serve as instructional tools that accompany the text of both the history projects and the
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Montana Tribal
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Histories: Educators Resource Guide.
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The largest and oldest histories of Montana Tribes are still very much oral
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histories and remain in the collective memories of individuals. Some of that history has been lost, but much
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remains vibrant within community stories and narratives that have yet to be documented.
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Time Immemorial Creation Story –
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“First Maker” wandered the world that is covered with water. He sent the
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ducks down searching for what was below. The little duck returned first with a plant and then with mud. “
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First
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Maker and the ducks made the world. Then they divided the world into sections by placing water here and there.
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They made the sky, the plants, the trees and the animals. They made the stars, the sun and the moon.” (Crow
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Tribal History, Little Big Horn College.)
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“Long-ago Times” – The ancestral tribe of the Crow live in the “Land of
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Forests and Many Lakes,” the upper Great Lakes area of Canada and the United States
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1450 -
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The Crow Migration west. Fourteen groups of runners were sent out in different directions to search for
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food. One returned with buffalo meat. The Tribe set out in this direction. During this time, Crow Chiefs No
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Intestines (No Vitals), and Red Scout fasted and prayed to receive guidance for their journey. Both received
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instructions. Red Scout was given an ear of corn to plant, and advised to settle permanently, growing corn
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for sustenance. No Intestines was told to travel west toward the mountains and was given a pod of seeds to
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plant there – they were sacred and their use would be revealed to them. When they reached the Missouri
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River country, they settled with the Mandan for some time. However, heeding First Maker’s instructions, No
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Intestines decided to continue the journey west. According to Crow oral history, this journey first led them
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to the region around Cardston, Alberta. Determining that the winters were too long, the band headed south,
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possibly going all the way to the Great Salt Lake. The journey then continued east and south through land
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that is now Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, Arkansas and possibly Missouri. “Ancient lullabies and war songs
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mention an Arrow River (Red River of Oklahoma).” (Joe Medicine Crow. History:
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Crow.
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Ethnic Heritage Studies
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Program. Bozeman, MT: Center for Bilingual/Multicultural Education, College of Education, Montana State
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University, 1982. p. 2) Turning north and west again, they eventually came to the Big Horn country in southern
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Montana, which was to end up being their permanent homeland.
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1700 – 1735 -
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The Crow acquired horses from Indians near Great Salt Lake.
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1743 –
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French-Canadian traders, the La Verendrye brothers, met a group of Crow camped at the confluence of
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the Big Horn and Little Big Horn Rivers.
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1805 – 1806 –
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Crow met Clark at Pompey’s Pillar.
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1825 –
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The first treaty, The Friendship Treaty, signed between the Crow and the U.S. Crow leader Long Hair was
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the tribal signatory, while Crow leader Sore Belly refused to sign.
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1840-1850 –
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Smallpox epidemics found their way to Crow country. The tribe suffered a staggering population
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loss. The tribal population estimated at 10,000 in 1830, declined to approximately 2,000.
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Indian Education
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Montana O�ce of Public Instruction
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Denise Juneau, Superintendent
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Montana Tribal History Timelines
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2
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1851 –
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The Fort Laramie Treaty with the Crow, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan,
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Hidatsa and Arikara. The Crow boundaries identified 38 million acres as the tribe’s territory: “The territory of
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the Crow Nation, commencing at the mouth of Powder River on the Yellowstone; thence up Powder River to
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its source; thence along the main range of the Black Hills and Wind River Mountains to the head-waters of the
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Yellowstone River; thence down the Yellowstone River to the mouth of Twenty-five Yard Creek; thence to the
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head waters of the Muscle-shell River; thence down the Muscle-shell River to its mouth; thence to the head-
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waters of Big Dry Creek, and thence to its mouth.” Article V, 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie.
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1864 –
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A battle with the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho who outnumbered Crow warriors 10 to 1, but the Crow
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were successful in turning the enemy party back. The location of this battle was near present day Pryor.
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1865 –
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The Bozeman Trail was named after John Bozeman who used the trail as a shorter route to the
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Montana gold fields. Other miners and settlers followed. The trail cut through the Powder River country that
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was important hunting territory for many tribes, including bands of the Sioux nation. The Crow assisted the
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U.S. military in protecting travelers on the trail. In 1868, the Sioux negotiated the closing of the trail.
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1868 –
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The second Fort Laramie Treaty reduced Crow lands to eight million acres.
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1869 –
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A government agency was established in Crow country, on Mission Creek (Hide Scraper Creek).
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1870 –
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The Crow were expected to move to the reduced territory as defined by the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.
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1872 –
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The agency was moved to the Rosebud River, near present day Absarokee, Montana.
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1876 –
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The Crow continued to serve as scouts in the U.S. Military. Crow scouts were primarily responsible for
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preventing a more serious defeat of General Crook at the Rosebud Battle with the Lakota and Cheyenne.
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1881 –
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100 Crow tribal members selected allotments. Provisions for individual tribal member allotments were
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outlined in the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. Land assignments of 320 acres were to be recorded in the “Crow
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Land Book.”
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1882 –
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Tribal grazing leases began.
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1882 –
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Congressional Act diminisheed Crow lands. The land cession brought $750,000 in compensation, to be
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paid out annually at $30,000 by the Secretary of Interior. Funds were to be used for homes and farming and
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ranching needs.
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1882 –
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Congressional Act for the Northern Pacific Railroad right-of-way provided the railroad with 5,084 acres
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for which $25,000 was provided in compensation – to be spent for the Crow at the discretion of the Secretary
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of Interior.
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1883 –
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The government boarding school was moved to present day Crow Agency. Parents were threatened
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to send their children to school or their rations would be withheld. The first three Crow children were sent to
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Carlisle Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
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1884 –
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The agency is moved once again, this time to its present site at Crow Agency.
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1885 –
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Chief Plenty Coups made his first trip to Washington DC with demands for his people.
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3
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Montana Tribal History Timelines
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1886 –
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Catholic Jesuits founded St. Xavier Mission in Crow country. The school received government support in
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the way of school supplies and 160-acre land grant.
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1889
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–
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Crow Agency boarding school was built.
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1890
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–
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1900s
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- Allotment
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1891
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–
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Congressional Act for cession of land on the western portion of the reservation – nearly two million
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acres. $940,000 was provided in compensation. The Secretary of the Interior directed expenditures of the
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money. Crow tribal members could hold allotments in the ceded portion.
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1891
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–
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Tribal grazing leases changed to a bidding system.
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1891
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–
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St. Charles Mission was founded near present-day Pryor.
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1900
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–
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Chief Plenty Coups made a second trip to Washington DC, demanding just payment for the Burlington
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Railroad right-of-way across the reservation and employment for Crow men.
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1903
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–
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The Annual Crow Fair was established.
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1903 –
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A Baptist Home Mission School was started at Lodge Grass. It became quite popular, as it was a day
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school.
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1904 –
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Congressional Act diminished Crow lands again, in the northern part of the reservation. The reservation
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land base was now its present size, 2.3 million acres. No lump sum compensation was given, but funds
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provided for a variety of items: horses, cattle, sheep, irrigation, fending, school buildings, etc.
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1914
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–
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Crow men answered the call to military service during World War I.
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1915
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–
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Senate hearings produced evidence of incompetent administration of the Crow Reservation.
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1920
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–
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The Crow Act sponsored by the Crow Tribe, allotted the remainder of the reservation into tracts to
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every enrolled member of the tribe. “Provisions of the Crow Act were the following: allotment of everything
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except the mountains, patents-in fee to competent Indians, conveyance to anyone could not exceed 640 acres
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of farming land or 1280 acres of grazing land, tribal roles, mineral rights are held by tribe, no more irrigation
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systems without Crow consent, no liquor, consolidation of the Crow Fund, enrollment and competency
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commission, land to State in return for admission of Crow children into public schools, revolving fund.”
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(Government. Ethnic Heritage Studies Program: Plains Indians, Cheyenne-Cree-Crow-Lakota Sioux. Bozeman,
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MT: Center for Bilingual/Multicultural Education, College of Education, Montana State University, 1982.)
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1920 – 40s –
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The Tribal Council divided into committees when necessary to address multiple issues. Examples
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of committees were: Schools, Oil, Hospital, Budget, Leases, Law ad Order, etc.
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1921
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–
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Chief Plenty Coups died.
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1927 –
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At this time there were 11 public schools, four Catholic schools, and one Protestant school operating on
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the reservation.
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Montana Tribal History Timelines
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4
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1934
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–
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The Crow Tribe rejected the Indian Reorganization Act.
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1935
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–
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The Indian Reorganization Act provides $190,000 for 50 projects on the Crow Reservation.
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1948 –
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The Crow adopted their own model of a tribal Constitution.
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1958 –
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The Tribe sold Yellowtail Dam site and reservoir area for 2.5 million dollars.
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1961 –
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Constitution amended.
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1962
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–
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Court of Indian Claims awarded the Crow Tribe $10,242,984.70 as just compensation for lands taken.
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1987
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–
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A Supreme Court decision awarded millions to the Crow Nation in the Crow Severance Tax Case against
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the State of Montana.
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1987–
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The Crow Tribe filed dereliction of duties and breach of trust responsibility suit against the U. S.
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Government in regard to Section 2 of the 1920 Crow Allotment Act.
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2002–
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The Crow Tribe passed a new Tribal Constitution.

Revision as of 09:20, 11 December 2013

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