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'''Jason "Jay" Gould''' (May 27, 1836&nbsp;– December 2, 1892) was a leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has long been vilified as an archetypal [[Robber baron (industrialist)|robber baron]], whose successes made him the ninth richest American in history. [[Condé Nast Portfolio]] ranked Gould as the 8th worst American CEO of all time. Some modern historians working from primary sources have discounted various myths about him.

He was the prototype for the "Robber Baron" and the corrupt railroad king. The railroad "pirate" Jay Gould stirred up the most enmity. He was painted as an unscrupulous pirate who manipulated and watered stock, deliberately running businesses down and building them up again to his own advantage.

Jay Gould considered himself to be the most hated man in late-19th century America. He was vilified by the press as a reckless speculator and brutal strikebreaker. To many late 19th century Americans, he personified the unscrupulous, greedy robber baron.

In an age of scandal and corruption, Jay Gould was regarded as a master of bribery and insider stock manipulation. He paid off President Grant's brother-in-law to learn the president's intentions about government gold sales; he bribed members of New York's legislature; and he tried to corner the gold market. But Gould was much more than a robber baron. At a time when the rules of modern American business were just being written, he was one of the architects of a consolidated national railroad and communication system. One of his major achievements was to lead Western Union to a place of dominance in the telegraph industry.

Born into poverty on an upstate New York in 1836, Gould was too sickly to go into farming. Instead, he went into surveying and then into tanning animal hides. He speculated first in hides and then in railroad stocks, engaging in one of the most colorful struggles in American business history: a fight with Commodore Vanderbilt for control of the Erie Railroad. To prevent gangs of toughs sent by Vanderbilt from gaining access to his records, Gould placed cannons on the Jersey City waterfront and launched a flotilla of four vessels of armed gunmen. As quickly as Vanderbilt bought stock in the railroad, Gould illegally issued more. When Gould was placed under the custody of a court officer for this illegal act, he bribed members of New York's legislature to change the law.

He reduced the wages of imported Chinese laborers in his mines to just $27 a month. He was damned as a speculator, rigging markets for short-term gains. But in fact he had a number of actual achievements to his name. He was actually an empire builder who sought to create railroad and communication systems capable of meeting the needs of an expanding nation. He operated New York City's elevated railroad and led Western Union to victory in its battle for control of the telegraph industry.

"I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half," said Jay Gould, probably the most ruthless "robber baron" of the 19th century.  It was not an idle threat.  So why would a handful of Hartford telegraph workers in 1883 take him on?

Gould robbed working people and millionaires alike.  He bought his way out of the Civil War draft, issued millions of dollars in phony railroad stock, bribed legislators, and manipulated President Grant in an attempt to corner the gold market.  Worst of all, he was a ruthless union buster. Gould bought a newspaper to help his image, kept plainclothes police with him at all times, and bomb-proofed his newly-purchased New York Western Union office.  With good reason, he was the industrialist the public loved to hate, the "Octopus of the wires" as described by one of his former employees.


==Early life and education==
Jason Gould was born in [[Roxbury, New York]], the son of Mary More (1798–1841) and John Burr Gould (1792–1866).  Both his parents were of British ancestry.  Gould's maternal grandfather Alexander T. More was a businessman, and his great-grandfather John More was a Scottish immigrant who founded the town of [[Moresville, New York]]. 
Jay Gould studied at local schools and the [[Hobart Academy]] in [[Hobart, New York]].

==Early career==
His principal was credited as getting him a job working as a bookkeeper for a blacksmith.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">GOULD'S EVENTFUL LIFE, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9907EFDE1638E233A25750C0A9649D94639ED7CF</ref> A year later the blacksmith offered him half interest in the blacksmith shop, which he sold to his father during the early part of 1854. Gould devoted himself to private study, emphasizing [[surveying]] and [[mathematics]]. In 1854, Gould surveyed and created maps of the [[Ulster County, New York]] area. In 1856 he published ''History of Delaware County, and Border Wars of New York,'' which he had spent several years writing.<ref>{{cite book  | last = Gould  | first = Jay  | authorlink = Jay Gould  | title = History of Delaware County  | publisher = Keeny & Gould  | date = 1856P  | location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania? }}</ref>

[[File:Gouldsboro, PA Keystone Marker.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Keystone Marker]] for Gouldsboro, named after Jay Gould.]]
In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with [[Zadock Pratt]] <ref name="query.nytimes.com"/> to create a [[tanning]] business in [[Pennsylvania]] in what would become [[Gouldsboro, PA|Gouldsboro]].  Eventually, he bought out Pratt, who retired.

In 1856, Gould entered another partnership with Charles Mortimer Leupp, a son-in-law of [[Gideon Lee]], and one of the leading leather merchants in the United States at the time. Leupp and Gould was a successful partnership until the [[Panic of 1857]]. Leupp lost all his money, while Gould took advantage of the opportunity of the depreciation of property value and bought up former partnership properties for himself.<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/>  After the death of Charles Leupp, the Gouldsboro Tannery became a disputed property .  Charles Leupp's brother-in-law, David W. Lee, who was also a partner in Leupp and Gould, took armed control of the tannery.  He believed that Gould had cheated the Leupp and Lee families in the collapse of the business. Eventually, Gould took physical possession, but was later forced to sell his share of the company to Lee's brother.<ref>"David Williamson Lee's Career", ''New York Times,'' 21 Jan 1886, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E02E7D61138E033A25752C2A9679C94679FD7CF</ref>

==Marriage==
He married Helen Day Miller (1838–1889) in 1863.  They had six children:
* [[George Jay Gould I]] (1864–1923), married [[Edith Kingdon|Edith M. Kingdon]] (1864–1921)<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=George J. Gould Dies in Villa in France. Leaves $30,000,000. With His Second Wife and Her Children Near, He Yearned for His Sons. Last Malady a Secret. Death Holds Up Litigation With Family Over His Father's Estate. First Became Ill in March. Had Apparently Regained Health When He Suffered a Relapse. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00911FC3B5516738DDDAE0994DD405B838EF1D3 |quote=George Jay Gould died this morning at 3:30 o'clock at the Villa Zoralde, Cap Martin, where he had been living for some months with his wife and her two children. His death, it was stated at the villa, came quietly and was expected, as he had never rallied from the illness from which he had been suffering all Winter. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=May 17, 1923 |accessdate=2008-05-23 }}</ref>
* [[Edwin Gould I]] (1866–1933), married Sarah Cantine Shrady<ref name=NYT07131933>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Edwin Gould Dies Suddenly at 67. Son of Railroad Financier and Builder Was Noted for Benefactions to Children. Left School of Finance. Made $1,000,000 Profit Operating Alone in Wall Street Before Father Forgave Him. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B14FD385C16738DDDAA0994DF405B838FF1D3 |quote=Edwin Gould, second son of the late Jay Gould, financier and railroad builder, died suddenly of a heart attack shortly after ... |work=[[New York Times]] |date=July 13, 1933 |accessdate=2008-08-06 }}</ref>
* [[Helen Miller Gould|Helen Gould]] (1868–1938), married Finlay Johnson Shepard (1867–1942)<ref name="http">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mrs. F. J. Shepard Dies of a Stroke. Former Helen Gould, Famous for Philanthropy, Stricken at Her Summer Home Gave Away Much of Fortune. Mrs. Finley J. Shepard Is Stricken at 70. Philanthropist and Daughter of Jay Gould Got Permission to Marry. Wed at Lyndhurst. Benefactions in War With Spain. Descendant of Pioneers.|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F12FE3F5F1B7A93C3AB1789D95F4C8385F9 |quote=Mrs. Finley J. Shepard of New York, the former Helen Gould, who was famous for her philanthropies in many fields, died at her Summer home here at 12:15 this morning, after being in a coma for more than 24 hours. She had suffered an apoplectic stroke ten days ago, and had been ill for two months. Her age was 70 years. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=December 21, 1938, Wednesday|accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref>
* [[Howard Gould]] (1871–1959), married Viola Katherine Clemmons on October 12, 1898; and later married actress [[Grete Mosheim]] in 1937<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Howard Gould dies here at 88. last surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier, yachtsman, auto racer. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10E16FF3F551B7B93C7A81782D85F4D8585F9 |quote=Howard Gould, last surviving son of Jay Gould, the railroad financier, died Sunday in Doctors Hospital. He was 88 years old. Although Mr. Gould's res idence ... |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=September 15, 1959 |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref>
* [[Anna Gould]] (1875–1961), married [[Boni de Castellane|Paul Ernest Boniface, Comte de Castellane]] (1867–1932) and divorced; second, married [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc de Sagan|Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord]], 5th duc de Talleyrand, 5th duc de Dino, 4th Herzog von Sagan, and Prince de Sagan (1858–1937)<ref name="select.nytimes.com">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Duchesse de Talleyrand Is Dead. Youngest daughter of Jay Gould |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A14F6355912738DDDA90B94D9415B818AF1D3 |quote=The Duchesse de Talleyrand-Périgord, daughter of the late Jay Gould, American railroad financier, died today in Paris where she passed most of her life. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 30, 1961 |accessdate=2008-08-06 }}</ref>
* [[Frank Jay Gould]] (1877–1956), married [[Helen Margaret Kelly]]; then Edith Kelly (not related to his first wife); and then Florence La Caze (1895–1983)<ref name="Riviera 1899">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Frank Jay Gould Dead on Riviera. Youngest Son of Rail Empire Maker was 78. Built Up Resort of Juan-les-Pins Heir to $10,000,000 N.Y.U. Graduate of 1899. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50F16F93F5F157A93C3A9178FD85F428585F9&scp=1&sq=Frank+Jay+Gould&st=p |quote=Frank Jay Gould died today at his apartment at Juanles-Pins on the French Riviera. He was 78 years old |publisher=[[Associated Press]] in [[New York Times]] |date=April 1, 1956 |accessdate=2008-04-06 }}</ref>

==Railroads==
{{Expand section|date=May 2012}}
Gould's father-in-law Daniel S. Miller was credited with introducing the younger man to the railroad industry, when he suggested that Gould help him save his investment in the [[Rutland and Washington Railroad]].

==The Tweed Ring==
It was during the same period that Gould and [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]] became involved with [[Tammany Hall]], the New York City political ring. They made [[Boss Tweed]] a director of the [[Erie Railroad]], and Tweed, in return, arranged favorable legislation for them. Tweed and Gould became the subjects of political cartoons by [[Thomas Nast]] in 1869. In October 1871, when Tweed was held on $1 million bail, Gould was the chief bondsman.

==Black Friday==
[[File:Young Jay Gould and Hamilton Burhans.jpg|thumb|left|Jay Gould (right) in 1855]]

{{main|Black Friday (1869)}}
In August 1869, Gould and Fisk began to buy gold in an attempt to corner the market, hoping that the increase in the price of gold would increase the price of wheat such that western farmers would sell, causing a great amount of shipping of bread stuffs eastward, increasing freight business for the Erie railroad. During this time, Gould used contacts with President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s brother-in-law, [[Abel Corbin]], to try to influence the president and his Secretary General [[Horace Porter]]. These speculations in gold culminated in the panic of [[Black Friday (1869)|Black Friday]], on September 24, 1869, when the premium over face value on a gold [[Double Eagle]] fell from 62% to 35%. Gould made a nominal profit from this operation, but lost it in the subsequent lawsuits.

The gold corner established Gould's reputation in the press as an all-powerful figure who could drive the market up and down at will.
{{Clear|left}}

==Lord Gordon-Gordon==
[[File:Lord Gordon-Gordon.jpg|right|thumb|Lord Gordon-Gordon]]

In 1873 Gould attempted to take control of the [[Erie Railroad]] by recruiting foreign investments from [[Lord Gordon-Gordon]], whom he believed was a cousin of the wealthy [[Clan Campbell|Campbells]] looking to buy land for immigrants.  Gould bribed Gordon-Gordon with $1 million in stock. But, Gordon-Gordon was an impostor; he cashed the stock immediately. Gould sued Gordon-Gordon, and the latter went to trial in March 1873. In court, Gordon-Gordon gave the names of the Europeans whom he claimed to represent, and was granted bail while the references were checked. He fled to Canada, where he convinced authorities that the charges against him were false.<ref name="Brewer's">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=William|authorlink=William Donaldson|title=[[Brewer's Rogues, Villains and Eccentrics]]|publisher=Phoenix|date=2004-09-02|location=London|pages=299–300|isbn=0-7538-1791-8}}</ref><ref name="TMHS">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=J. L. |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/lordgordongordon.shtml |title=Lord Gordon Gordon |publisher=The Manitoba Historical Society |accessdate=2008-08-22}}</ref>

After failing to convince or force Canadian authorities to hand over Gordon-Gordon, Gould and his associates, which included two future [[Governor of Minnesota|governors of Minnesota]] and three future [[members of Congress]], attempted to kidnap him. The group snatched him successfully, but they were stopped and arrested by the [[North-West Mounted Police]] before they could return to the United States. The kidnappers were put in prison and refused bail.<ref name="Brewer's"/><ref name="TMHS"/> This led to an international incident between the United States and Canada. Upon learning that the kidnappers were not given bail, Governor [[Horace Austin]] of Minnesota demanded their return; he put the local militia on a state of full readiness. Thousands of Minnesotans volunteered for a full military invasion of Canada. After negotiations, the Canadian authorities released the kidnappers on bail.<ref name="Brewer's"/><ref name="TMHS"/> The incident resulted in Gould losing any possibility of taking control of Erie Railroad.

==Peak career==
[[File:Jay Gould's Railroad car.jpg|thumb|right|Jay Gould's private railroad car "Atalanta," built by the [[Pullman Company]], now a tourist attraction in [[Jefferson, Texas]]]]

After being forced out of the Erie Railroad, in his 40s Gould started to build up a system of railroads in the Midwest and West.  Beginning in 1879, he gained control of four western railroads, including the [[Union Pacific]], which completed part of the [[transcontinental railroad]], and the [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]]. By 1880, he controlled 10,000 miles (16,000&nbsp;km) of railway, about one-ninth of the length of rail in the United States at that time, and, by 1882, he had controlling interest in 15% of the country's tracks. Because the railroads were making enormous profits and had control of rate setting, his wealth increased dramatically.

When Gould withdrew from management of the Union Pacific in 1883 amidst political controversy over its debts to the federal government, he realized a large profit for himself.

Gould obtained a controlling interest in the [[Western Union]] telegraph company, and, after 1881, in the elevated railways in New York City. From 1868-1888, he was connected with many of the largest railway financial operations in the United States. During the [[Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886]], he hired [[strikebreaker]]s.{{cn|date=April 2013}}  According to labor unionists, he said at the time, "I can hire one-half of the working class to kill the other half."<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Foner
  | first = Philip Sheldon
  | authorlink = Philip S. Foner
  | title = History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A. F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism
  | page = 51
  | publisher = International Publishers, Co., Inc.
  | edition = 2nd
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 978-0-7178-0388-0
 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gould was a member of [[Demolished churches in New York City#1860s construction|West Presbyterian Church]] at 31 West 42nd Street.  It later merged with Park Presbyterian to form [[West-Park Presbyterian (New York City)|West-Park Presbyterian]].<ref name=West-Park>[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. [http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/WestParkM.pdf "Designation List 425"]</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Jay Gould Mausoleum 1024.jpg|thumb||The mausoleum of Jay Gould]]Gould died of [[tuberculosis]] on December 2, 1892, and was interred in the [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], [[New York]]. His fortune was conservatively estimated to be $72 million for tax purposes. He willed all of his fortune to his family. At the time of his death, Gould was a benefactor in the reconstruction of the [[Reformed Church]] of [[Roxbury, New York|Roxbury]], now the Jay Gould Memorial Reformed Church.<ref>[http://www.churches.rca.org/gouldchurch/history.htm History of the Reformed Church of Roxbury, NY]</ref> It is located within the [[Main Street Historic District (Roxbury, New York)|Main Street Historic District]] and listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1988.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>  The family mausoleum was designed by Francis O'Hara (1830–1900) of Ireland. Gould's mausoleum contains no external identification.

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|titlestyle=padding-left: 4em;|title=Descendents of Jay Gould}}
Jay Gould married [[Helen Day Miller]] (1838–1889) in 1863 and had six children:
* [[George Jay Gould I]] (1864–1923), married [[Edith Kingdon|Edith M. Kingdon]] (1864–1921)<ref name="New York Times"/>
** [[Kingdon Gould, Sr.]] (1887–1945) who married [[Annunziata Camilla Maria Lucci]] (1890–1961).<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Kingdon Gould, 58, Long a Financier. Grandson of Founder of Family Fortune Dies. Once on Rail Boards. Officer In 1918. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D16FC3D5B10738DDDA10894D9415B8588F1D3 |quote=Kingdon Gould, financier eldest son of the late George J. and Edith Kingdon Gould, and grandson of Jay Gould, financier and railroad ... |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=November 8, 1945 |accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>
** [[Jay Gould II]] (1888–1935) who was a tennis player and who married [[Anne Douglass Graham]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Jay Gould Is Dead. Court Tennis Star. Grandson of the Financier Had Held Championship for Quarter of Century. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0716F93959107A93CAAB178AD85F418385F9 |quote=Sportsman Succumbs in Up-State Hospital at 46. His Body Brought Here for Funeral. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=January 28, 1935 |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref>
** [[Marjorie Gould]] (1891–1955) who married [[Anthony Joseph Drexel II]]
** [[Helen Vivien Gould]] (1893–1931) who married [[John Graham Hope DeLaPoer Horsley Beresford]] (1866–1945)<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Lady  Decies Dies at 38 in London. Former Helen Vivien Gould Was Principal in Brilliant International Wedding of 1911. Was Noted As Hostess. Her Entertaining Was a Feature of British Capital. Husband Is Distinguished Irish Peer. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0061EF73D5F11738DDDAA0894DA405B818FF1D3 |quote=Lady Decies, the former Helen Vivien Gould, daughter of the late George Jay Gould of New York, died in London this morning. She had been critically ill here for several days. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=February 3, 1931, Tuesday |accessdate=2007-11-26 }}</ref>
** [[George Jay Gould II]] (1896-?) who married Laura Carter<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=He Is George Jay Gould, Jr. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E3D6123EE333A25756C1A9639C94679ED7CF |quote=The third son and fifth child of Mr. and Mrs. George J. Gould was christened at noon to-day in All Saints' Memorial Church, ... |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=May 15, 1896 |accessdate=2008-08-22 }}</ref>
** [[Edith Catherine Gould]] (1901–1937) who married [[Carroll Livingston Wainwright I]] (1899–1967) and after a divorce married Sir [[Hector Murray MacNeal]]<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Lady MacNeal Dies. Was Edith Gould. Granddaughter of Financier, 36, Succumbs at Estate in East Hampton. Wife of British Knight. Wrote Autobiography Telling of Family Life ... |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10E11F83F541B7588DDAB0994D1405B878FF1D3 |quote=Lady MacNeal, the former Edith Gould, granddaughter of the late Jay Gould, died at Gulf Crest, her estate here, late last night. Lady MacNeal, who was 36 years old, had been in poor health for two years. Death was caused by a liver ailment. Born on Father's Yacht. Edith Catherine Gould, next to the youngest of seven children, was the daughter of the late George J. Gould and Edith Kingdon Gould. ... |work=[[New York Times]] |date= September 12, 1937|accessdate=2008-08-22 }}</ref>
** [[Gloria Gould]] (1906–1943) who married [[Henry A. Bishop II]], and after a divorce married [[Walter McFarlane Barker]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Gloria Gould Barker Is Drowned In Swim Pool at Arizona Home. Mrs. W.M. Barker Drowns In A Pool. Victim of Accident. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3F59147B93C4A81783D85F478485F9 |quote=Mrs. Gloria Gould Barker, 37, a member of the prominent Gould family of New York, was drowned today in the swimming pool of her desert home ten miles east of here. |publisher=[[Associated Press]] in [[New York Times]] |date=August 16, 1943 |accessdate=2008-06-07 }}</ref>
* [[Edwin Gould I]] (1866–1933), married [[Sarah Cantine Shrady]]<ref name="NYT07131933"/><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753859,00.html Gould]; [[Time (magazine)]]; July 31, 1933</ref><ref>[[New York Times]]; October 15, 1951, Monday; Mrs. Edwin Gould Dies in Hospital; Widow of Financier's Son Was Daughter of Surgeon Who Attended President Grant.</ref> She inherited [[$US]] 10,000,000 upon his death. They had two sons:
**Edwin Gould, Jr., (1894–1917). He died on [[Jekyl Island]] in 1917.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745814,00.html Sublimed Gould]; [[Time (magazine)]]; July 24, 1933</ref><ref>[[New York Times]]; February 26, 1917, Monday; Edwin Gould, Jr., Killed on Hunt with Own Gun; Was Clubbing 'Coon Caught in Trap When Trigger Caught, Firing the Weapon. Shot Severed Artery. Young Hunter Died Before His Sole Companion on Lonely Island Could Give Aid. Father is Bringing Body. Mother Prostrated at News of Tragedy, Which Occurred Near Jekyl Island. Left the Body and Called Help. Followed a Local Custom. Mother Prostrated by the News. Edwin Gould, Jr., Killed on Hunt. Had Chosen a Business Career. [[Brunswick, Georgia]], February 25, 1917. Edwin Gould, Jr., 23 years old, who was staying at his father's Winter home on Jekyl Island, was killed last night by the discharge of a shotgun in his hands while he was trying to kill a raccoon found in a trap he had set.</ref>
**Frank Miller Gould (c1895-1945). He graduated from Yale in 1920, married Florence Amelia Bacon on November 17, 1924, she was from [[Dallas, Texas]].  Frank died on January 13, 1945.<ref name=NYT07131933/><ref>[[New York Times]]; January 14, 1945; Frank M. Gould, 45 Dies at Oyster Bay; Son of Edwin and Grandson of Jay Was Rail Executive. Owned Prize Horses. [[Oyster Bay, Long Island]]; January 13, 1945. Frank Miller Gould, only surviving son of the late Edwin Gould and a grandson of Jay Gould, financier and railroad builder, died at his home here today after a long illness. He would have been 46 years old on February 6.</ref> They had two children:
***[[Marianne Gould]] (1926 - January 21, 1957)
***[[Edwin Jay Gould]] (1932-1993).
* [[Helen Miller Gould|Helen Gould]] (1868–1938), married Finlay Johnson Shepard (1867–1942)<ref name="http"/> They adopted three children, Finley Jay, named for Finley Johnson Shepard and Jay Gould, and Olivia, named for Helen's dear friend Mrs. Russell Sage, and Helen Anna, named for Helen and her sister, Anna and had one foster child, Louis Seton. The first of the adopted children, Finley Jay Shepard, was a three-year-old abandoned child who was found on the steps of Manhattan's [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St Patrick's Cathedral]] in 1914. They later adopted two daughters, Margaret and Dorothy, of her brother Frank Gould.<ref>{{cite book |last=Snow |first=Alice Northrop |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Story of Helen Gould |year=1943 |publisher=F. H. Revell |quote= | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QbGQAACAAJ&dq |isbn= }}</ref>
* [[Howard Gould]] (1871–1959), married Viola Katherine Clemmons on October 12, 1898; and later married actress [[Grete Mosheim]] in 1937<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[Anna Gould]] (1875–1961), married [[Paul Ernest Boniface]], [[Comte de Castellane]] (1867–1932); and after a divorce married [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duke of Sagan|Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord]], 5th duke of Talleyrand, 5th duc of Dino, 4th Duke von Sagan, and Prince of Sagan (1858–1937)<ref name="select.nytimes.com"/> With Boniface, Anna had the following five children:
** Marie Louise Boniface de Castellane (1896-?)
** Antoine Boniface, Marquis de Castellane (1896–1946), married Yvonne Patenôtre (daughter of Jules Patenôtre and wife Eleanor Elverson, sister of James Elverson, Jr. (?&ndash;1929) and daughter of publisher James Elverson (1838 &ndash; 1911) by wife Sallie Duvall, the three of them owners of ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''). He had daughter Elisabeth de Castellane (Paris, July 9, 1928 &ndash; Paris, November 13, 1991), wife (married in Paris, December 7, 1948) of Jean Bertrand Jacques Adrien Nompar Comte de Caumont La Force (Paris, February 4, 1920 &ndash; [[Fontaine Française]], June 8, 1986).<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Son of Ann Gould succumbs in Paris. |url= |quote=Marquis De Castellane Held French Embassy Posts in London During 1940. Paris, Feb. 7, 1946. The death of Marquis de Castellane, son of the late Count Boni de Castellane and the former Anna Gould of New York, who eventually became the Duchess de Talleyrand-Périgord, was announced today. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=February 8, 1946 |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref>
** [[Georges Paul Ernest Boniface de Castellane]] (1897 or 1899–1944), married Florinda Fernández y Anchorena (1901-?). They had daughter:
***[[Diane Rose Anne Marie de Castellane]] (born in Paris, February 19, 1927). She married [[Philippe François Armand Marie Duc de Mouchy Prince-Duc de Poix]] (born in Paris, April 17, 1922) in Paris in a civil ceremony on April 14, 1948; and a church ceremony on April 20, 1948. They divorced on March 13, 1974.
** [[Georges Gustave Boniface de Castellane]] (circa 1898-1946)
** [[Jay Boniface de Castellane]] (1902-?)
::With Talleyrand, Anna had the following two children:
** [[Howard de Talleyrand, duc de Sagan]] (1909–1929), he took his own life when told he could not marry.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Talleyrand Motel  |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732494,00.html |quote=Prince of Sagan, son of the Duchess de Talleyrand, who was Anna, the daughter of the late wealthy Jay Gould, shot himself on purpose in his mother's Paris home. The press did not get wind of the story until last week. When the press came, the Duchess was ready with a frank, detailed and—most important of all—entirely literate statement; one that prevented garbling by scandal-monging journals. The statement said: "The Duke and Duchess de Talleyrand regret keenly to announce the critical illness of their son, Howard. ... He shot himself because we refused him permission to marry until he was 21. ... The shooting took place in our home and our son was taken to a hospital in the Rue Puccini. ... Our son is now in an extremely grave condition. We wish to emphasize that we had no objection to the girl, but only opposed the marriage because of our son's age." |publisher=[[Time (magazine)]] |date=June 3, 1929 |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Anna Gould's son, self-wounded, dies. Howard de Talleyrand, Prince de Sagan, 19, Succumbs in Paris After 11 Days. Parent's at his Bedside.  |url= |quote=Paris, May 28, 1929. Howard de Talleyrand, Prince de Sagan, 19-year old son of the Duc de Talleyrand and the former Anna Gould, died early this morning following a self-inflicted wound on May 17 after his parents had refused him immediate permission to marry. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=May 29, 1929 |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref>
** [[Helen Violette de Talleyrand-Périgord]] (1915–2003), she married [[James Robert de Pourtales]] on March 29, 1937, in [[Val Saint-Germain]], she then divorced in 1969, and married [[Gaston Palewski]] (1901–1984), he was the Minister of Scientific Research and Atomic and Space Questions from 1962 to 1966. They married on March 20, 1969, in Paris.
* [[Frank Jay Gould]] (1877–1956), married Helen Kelley; then Edith Kelly; and then [[Florence La Caze]] (1895–1983)<ref name="Riviera 1899"/>
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|titlestyle=padding-left: 4em;|title=Jay Gould timeline}}
[[File:Greeley Cincinnatus.jpg|thumb|Jay Gould appears to the far right of this cartoon by Thomas Nast from ''Harper's Weekly'' of February 10, 1872|300px]]
*1836 Birth of Jay Gould as Jason Gould
*1841 Death of Mary Moore Gould, mother
*1850 [[:Image:1850 census Gould.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in [[Roxbury, New York]]
*1856 Publication of ''History of Delaware County''
*1863 Marriage to Helen Day Miller (1838–1889)
*1864 Birth of George Jay Gould I, his son
*1866 Death of John Burr Gould, his father
*1866 Birth of Edwin Gould, his son
*1868 Birth of Helen Gould, his daughter
*1869 Black Friday
*1870 [[:Image:1870 census Gould1.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in first [[Manhattan]] home
*1870 [[:Image:1870 census Gould2.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in second [[Manhattan]] home
*1871 Birth of Howard Gould, his son
*1875 Birth of Anna Gould, his daughter
*1877 Birth of Frank Gould, his son
*1880 Purchase of Lyndehurst from the widow of [[George Merritt (businessman)|George Merritt]], shortening name to Lyndhurst
*1880 [[:Image:1880 census Gould.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in [[Greenburgh, New York]]
*1889 Death of Helen Day Miller, his wife
*1892 [[:Image:Gould-Jay 44.gif|Obituary of Jay Gould]]
{{hidden end}}

==See also==
* [[Lord Gordon-Gordon]], who took a $1 million bribe from Gould
* [[Lyndhurst (house)|Lyndhurst]], his country estate on the [[Hudson River]]
* [[Media:Gould-Jay 44.gif|Death of Jay Gould in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'']]
* [[Paragould]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould|last=Klein|first=Maury |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=|publisher=|location=|isbn= |pages= }}
*{{cite book |title=Jay Gould, His Business Career, 1867-1892 |last=Grodinsky |first=Julius. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1981 |publisher=Arno Press |location= |isbn= |pages=627 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861-1901 |last=Josephson |first=Matthew. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1962 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World |location=New York |isbn= |pages= }}
*{{cite book |title=Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development |last=Hilferding |first=Rudolf |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1981 |publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul |location=New York |isbn= |pages= }}
*{{cite book |title=The Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons |last=Renehan |first=Edward J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York |isbn=0-465-06885-5 |pages= }}
*{{cite book |title=The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy |last=Morris |first=Charles R. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Holt |location=New York |isbn=0-8050-7599-2 |pages= }}
*{{cite book |title=Neoliberalism and Financialization |last=Kotz |first=David M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2008 |publisher=University of Massachusetts |location=Amherst |isbn= |pages= |url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Neolib_and_Fin_08_03.pdf }}
*{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=George Gould marries |url= |work=[[New York Times]] |publisher= |date=1886-09-15 |accessdate= }}
*{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Howard Gould marries |url= |work=New York Times |publisher= |date=1898-10-13 |accessdate= }}
*{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Howard Gould dies here at 88; last surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier&nbsp;— yachtsman, auto racer |url= |work=New York Times |publisher= |date=1959-09-15 |accessdate= }}
* Jay Gould: A Revisionist Interpretation, [[Maury Klein]], http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v015/p0055-p0068.pdf

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Jay Gould}}
{{wikisource author}}
{{commons|Jay Gould}}
*[http://www.economist.com/node/5323698 Excerpts from Gould's ''New York Times'' obituary]
*[http://www.explorepahistory.com/odocument.php?docId=198 Obituary by the Iowa City Daily Citizen]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=gould&GSfn=jay&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=408&pt=Jay%20Gould& Findagrave: Jay Gould]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?pp/ils:@FILREQ(@field(SUBJ+@od1(Portrait+photographs—1860-1900+))+@FIELD(COLLID+ggbain)) Photo from the Library of Congress's George Grantham Bain Collection] rem
*[http://www.dcnyhistory.org/goulds.html History of Delaware County and Border Wars of New York]
* [http://www.kunstpedia.com/articles/443/1/From-Maps-to-Riches—The-mapping-career-of-Jay-Gould/Page1.html From Maps to Riches – The mapping career of Jay Gould]

{{Authority control|VIAF=25383059}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Gould, Jay
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH     = May 27, 1836
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Roxbury, New York]], United States
| DATE OF DEATH     = December 2, 1892
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Manhattan]], [[New York]], United States
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gould, Jay}}

[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:American Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:American financiers]]
[[Category:19th-century American railroad executives]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Gould family|Jay Gould]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)|Gould, Jan]]
[[Category:People from Delaware County, New York]]
[[Category:Union Pacific Railroad people]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New York]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Western Union]]


==Raw notes==
In Oct 1882, a plan was considered for the US government to purchase all of the [[telegraph[[ lines outside the [[Jay Gould|Gould]] system (Western Union).