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{{about|the ethnic group}}
{{distinguish|Sault (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Sioux<br /><small>Očhéthi Šakówiŋ</small>
|image=[[File:En-chief-sitting-bull.jpg|230px]]
|image_caption=[[Sitting Bull]], a [[Hunkpapa]] [[Lakota people|Lakota]] chief and [[Sacred (comparative religion)|holy man]], circa 1885.
|poptime=170,110<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf |title=The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 |author=Tina Norris |author2=Paula L. Vines |author 3=Elizabeth M. Hoeffel |date=January 2012 |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |accessdate=9 September 2012}}</ref>
|popplace={{USA}} ([[South Dakota|SD]], [[Minnesota|MN]], [[Nebraska|NE]], [[Montana|MT]], [[North Dakota|ND]]),<br/>{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]] ([[Manitoba|MB]], [[Saskatchewan|SK]], [[Alberta|AB]])
|rels=[[Christianity]] (incl. [[syncretistic]] forms), [[Wakan Tanka]], [[Midewiwin]]
|langs=[[Sioux language|Sioux]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]
|related=[[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]], [[Stoney (people)|Stoney]] ([[Nakoda (people)|Nakoda]]), and other [[Siouan]] peoples
}}
The '''Sioux''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː}} are a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[First Nations]] people in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the [[Great Sioux Nation]] or any of the nation's many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on [[Siouan]] dialect and subculture: ''Isáŋyathi'' or ''Isáŋathi'' ("Knife," originating from the name of a lake in present-day [[Minnesota]]). Residing in the extreme east of the [[Dakotas]], Minnesota and northern [[Iowa]], and are often referred to as the '''Santee''' or '''Eastern Dakota'''; ''Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ'' and ''Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna'' ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"). Residing in the [[Minnesota River]] area, they are considered to be the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the '''Yankton''' and the '''Yanktonai''', or, collectively, as the ''Wičhíyena'' ([[endonym]]) or the '''Western Dakota''' (and have been erroneously classified as “[[Nakota]]”<ref>for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as “Nakota”, the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article [[Nakota]]</ref>). ''Thítȟuŋwaŋ'' or Teton (uncertain, perhaps "Dwellers on the Prairie"; this name is archaic among the natives, who prefer to call themselves ''Lakȟóta''<ref name="NLD">{{cite book | last = Ullrich | first = Jan | title = New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) | publisher = Lakota Language Consortium |year=2008 | pages = 1–2 |isbn = 0-9761082-9-1 }}</ref>). The westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, are often referred to as the '''[[Lakota people|Lakota]]'''.

Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, [[Nebraska]], Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and [[Manitoba]] and southern [[Saskatchewan]] in Canada.

==Name origins==
The name "Sioux" is an abbreviated form of ''Nadouessioux'' borrowed into [[Canadian French]] from ''Nadoüessioüak'' from the early [[Odawa language|Odawa]] [[exonym]]: ''naadowesiwag'' "Sioux".<ref name="dict">{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sioux | title = Sioux | work = [[Dictionary.com]] | accessdate = 2007-09-05}}</ref> [[Jean Nicolet]] recorded the use in 1640.<ref name="Sioux nation"/> The [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]] form ''*na·towe·wa'', meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake ([[massasauga]], ''Sistrurus'').<ref name="riggs">{{cite book | last = Riggs | first = Stephen R. | title = Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography | publisher = Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc. | year = 1893 | isbn = 0-87018-052-5 }}</ref> This information was interpreted by some that the Odawa borrowing was an insult. However, this Proto-[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] term most likely was ultimately derived from a form ''*-a·towe·'', meaning simply "to speak a foreign language",<ref name="dict" /> which would make it similar to the etymology of the Greek "[[Barbarian]]". Later this was extended in meaning in some Algonquian languages to refer to the [[Sistrurus catenatus|massasauga]]. Thus, contrary to many accounts, the old Odawa word ''naadowesiwag'' did not equate the Sioux with snakes. This is not confirmed though, since usage over the previous decades has led to this term having negative connotations to those tribes to which it refers. This would explain why many tribes have rejected this term as an [[endonym|exonym]]. One source states that the name "Sioux" derives from a Chippewa word meaning "little snake";<ref>[http://indians.org/articles/sioux-indians.html Learn about the history of the Sioux Indians]. Indians.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.</ref> Chippewa, or Ojibwa, is a dialectic variant of [[Odawa people|Odawa]].

Some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the ''Sičháŋǧu Oyáte'', and the Oglala often use the name ''Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte'', rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper.<ref name="Sioux nation"/>

== Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ==
The historical Sioux referred to the [[Great Sioux Nation]] as the {{Unicode|Očhéthi Šakówiŋ}} (pronounced {{IPA-sio|oˈtʃʰetʰi ʃaˈkowĩ|}}), meaning "Seven Council Fires". Each fire was a symbol of an oyate (people or nation). The seven nations that comprise the Sioux are: Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ ([[Mdewakanton]]), Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ([[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate|Wahpeton]]), Waȟpékhute (Wahpekute), Sisíthuŋwaŋ ([[Sisseton]]), the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ (Yankton), Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yanktonai), and the Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton or [[Lakota people|Lakota]]).<ref name="Sioux nation"/> The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, and participate in the [[Sun Dance]].<ref name="life and customs">{{cite book | last = Hassrick | first = Royal B. | coauthors = Dorothy Maxwell, Cile M. Bach | title = The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | year = 1964 | isbn = 0-8061-0607-7 }}</ref> The seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division.<ref name="life and customs"/> Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850.<ref name="life and customs"/>

Today the Teton, Santee (mixture of the four Dakota tribes) and the Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota.<ref name="NLD"/><ref name="Sioux nation">{{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Michael | title = The Tribes of the Sioux Nation | publisher = Osprey Publishing Oxford | year = 2000 | isbn = 1-85532-878-X }}</ref> In any of the three main dialects, "Lakota" or "Dakota" translate to mean "friend," or more properly, "ally." Usage of Lakota or Dakota may then refer to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation.

==History==

===First contacts with Europeans===
The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite book |first=George E. |last=Hyde |title=Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |year=1984 |page=3 |isbn=0-8061-1520-3 }}</ref> By 1700 some had migrated to present-day South Dakota.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Johnson |first2=Jonathan |last2=Smith |title=Tribes of the Sioux Nation |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2000 |page=3 |isbn=1-85532-878-X }}</ref> Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants.<ref>{{cite book |last=van Houten |first=Gerry |title=Corporate Canada An Historical Outline |pages=6–8 |publisher=Progress Books |location=Toronto |year=1991 |isbn=0-919396-54-2 }}</ref> The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the [[Fur trade#North American fur trade|North American fur trade]] against the English, who had recently established the [[Hudson's Bay Company]].

===Relationship with French Traders===
The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when [[Pierre-Esprit Radisson|Radisson]] and [[Médard des Groseilliers|Groseilliers]] reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659-60. Later visiting French traders and missionaries included [[Claude-Jean Allouez]], [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut|Daniel Greysolon Duluth]], and [[Pierre-Charles Le Sueur]] who wintered with Dakota bands in early 1700.<ref>{{cite book |first=Guy E |last=Gibbon |title=The Sioux: The Dakota and Lakota Nations |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |pages=48–52 |isbn=1-55786-566-3 }}</ref> In 1736 a group of Sioux killed [[Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye]] and twenty other men on an island in Lake of the Woods.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lakeofthewoodsmuseum.ca/collectionsandresearch/stories/lakeofthewoods/massacreisland.aspx | title = Where is the real Massacre Island? | accessdate = 2013-04-28}}</ref> However, trade with the French continued until after the French gave up North America in 1763.

===Relationship with Pawnees===
Author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote: "Although military historians tend to reserve the concept of “total war” for conflicts between modern industrial nations, the term nevertheless most closely approaches the state of affairs between the [[Pawnee people|Pawnees]] and the Sioux and Cheyennes. Both sides directed their actions not solely against warrior-combatants but against the people as a whole. Noncombatants were legitimate targets. ... It is within this context that the military service of the [[Pawnee Scouts]] must be viewed."<ref>Mark van de Logt (2012). "''[http://books.google.cz/books?id=Bbgh_hA4ib4C&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army]''". University of Oklahoma Press. pp.35-36. ISBN 0806184396</ref> 

The battle of [[Massacre Canyon]] on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux.<ref>The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865-1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English ISBN 0-8032-8749-6</ref>

===Dakota War of 1862===
{{Main|Dakota War of 1862}}
[[File:The Siege of New Ulm Minn.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Battles of New Ulm|Siege of New Ulm]], August 19, 1862.]]
[[Image:MankatoMN38.JPG|thumb|260px|Drawing of the mass hanging of Dakota in [[Mankato, Minnesota]]]]
By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, [[Andrew Myrick]], went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."<ref>{{cite book | last = Dillon | first = Richard | title = North American Indian Wars | publisher = Booksales | location = City | year = 1993 | isbn = 1-55521-951-9 |page= 126}}</ref> On August 17, 1862 the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the [[Minnesota River]]. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Steil | coauthors= Tim Post | title=Let them eat grass | date=2002-09-26 | url =http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part2.shtml | work =Minnesota Public Radio | accessdate = 2011-09-21 }}</ref>

On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in [[courts-martial]], 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of [[rape]] and [[murder]] of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witness were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.<ref name="time life">{{cite book | title = War for the Plains | publisher = Time-Life Books | year = 1994 | pages = | isbn = 0-8094-9445-0 }}</ref> President [[Abraham Lincoln]] commuted the death sentence of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the execution of 38 Santee men by hanging on December 26, 1862 in [[Mankato, Minnesota]]. It was the largest mass-execution in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Steil | coauthors= Tim Post | title=Execution and expulsion| date=2002-09-26 | url =http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml | work =Minnesota Public Radio | accessdate = 2011-10-02 }}</ref>

Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in [[Iowa]], where more than half died.<ref name="time life"/>

During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the [[James River (Dakotas)|James River]] Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.<ref name="time life"/> A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.<ref name="time life"/>

Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake ([[Spirit Lake Tribe|Spirit Lake]] or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the [[Santee Indian Reservation|Santee Sioux Tribe]] today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.

Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in [[Manitoba]] (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in [[Saskatchewan]].

===Red Cloud's War===
{{Main|Red Cloud's War}}
Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the [[United States Army]] in the [[Wyoming Territory]] and the [[Montana Territory]] from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the [[Powder River Country]] in north central Wyoming.

The war is named after [[Red Cloud]], a prominent Sioux chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the [[United States Army|U.S. military]]. The war ended with the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]]. The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country.<ref name=bury>*{{cite book|author=Brown, Dee|title=[[Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee]], ch. 6|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1970|isbn=0-553-11979-6|authorlink=Dee Brown (writer)}}</ref>

===Great Sioux War of 1876–77===
{{Main|Great Sioux War of 1876-77}}
[[Great Sioux War of 1876-77|The Great Sioux War]] comprised a series of battles between the Lakota and allied tribes such as the [[Cheyenne]] against the United States military. The earliest engagement was the [[Battle of Powder River]], and the final battle was the [[Battle of Wolf Mountain|Wolf Mountain]]. Included are the [[Battle of the Rosebud]], [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]], [[Battle of Warbonnet Creek]], [[Battle of Slim Buttes]], [[Battle of Cedar Creek (1876)|Battle of Cedar Creek]], and the [[Dull Knife Fight]]. The Great Sioux War of 1876–77 was also known as the Black Hills War, and was centered on the Lakota tribes of the Sioux, although several{{who|date=July 2012}} natives believe that the primary target of the United States military was the Northern Cheyenne tribe. The series of battles occurred in Montana territory, Dakota territory, and Wyoming territory, and resulted in a victory for the United States military.

===Wounded Knee Massacre===
{{Main|Wounded Knee Massacre}}
[[Image:Woundedknee1891.jpg|thumb|Mass grave for the dead Lakota after massacre of Wounded Knee.]]
The massacre at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States. It was described as a "[[Wiktionary:massacre|massacre]]" by [[General]] [[Nelson A. Miles]] in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.<ref>''[http://www.dreamscape.com/morgana/wkmiles.htm Letter: General Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs]'', March 13, 1917.</ref>

On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the [[U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment|U.S. 7th Cavalry]], supported by four [[Hotchkiss gun]]s (a lightweight [[artillery]] piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa <ref>{{cite web| last =Liggett| first = Lorie | title = Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction| publisher = Bowling Green State University|year=1998| url = http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html| accessdate = 2007-03-02}}</ref> with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to [[Omaha, Nebraska]].

By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. It remains unknown which side was responsible for the first shot; some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "[[friendly fire]]" because the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions.<ref>{{cite web| last = Strom| first = Karen| title = The Massacre at Wounded Knee| publisher = Karen Strom|year=1995| url = http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/lakota/Wounded_Knee.html}}</ref> Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from [[hypothermia]].{{Citation needed|reason=Practice of the Ghost Dance reportedly instigated the massacre.|date=June 2011}}

==Reserves and First Nations==
[[File:Sioux01.png|thumb|Traditional location of Sioux tribes prior to 1770 (dark green) and their current reservations (orange)]]
[[File:Great Sioux reservation in 1888.png|thumb|[[Great Sioux Reservation]], 1888; est. by [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)]]]]

Later in the 19th century, the railroads hired hunters to exterminate the buffalo herds, the Indians' primary food supply. The Santee and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands, and domestic cattle and corn in exchange for buffalo. They became dependent upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty.

In Minnesota, the treaties of [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux|Traverse des Sioux]] and [[Treaty of Mendota|Mendota]] in 1851 left the Sioux with a reservation twenty miles (32&nbsp;km) wide on each side of the Minnesota River.
Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off the [[Indian reservation|reservation]]. Enrolled members in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have ancestry that is at least [[Blood quantum laws|1/4 degree]] Sioux (the equivalent to one grandparent).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/sisseton_wahpeton_codeoflaw2.htm |title=Enrollment Ordinance |accessdate=2007-08-11 }}</ref>

In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as [[First Nations]]. The land holdings of the these First Nations are called [[Indian Reserves]].

==Modern reservations, reserves, and communities of the Sioux==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Reserve/Reservation<ref name="Sioux nation"/>
! Community
! Bands residing
! Location
|-
| [[Fort Peck Indian Reservation]]
| [[Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes]]
| Hunkpapa, Upper Yanktonai (Pabaksa), Sisseton, Wahpeton, and the Hudesabina (Red Bottom), Wadopabina (Canoe Paddler), Wadopahnatonwan (Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie), Sahiyaiyeskabi (Plains Cree-Speakers), Inyantonwanbina (Stone People) and Fat Horse Band of the Assiniboine
| [[Montana]], [[USA]]
|-
| [[Spirit Lake Reservation]]
<sub>(Formerly Devil's Lake Reservation)</sub>
| [[Spirit Lake Tribe]]
<sub>(Mni Wakan Oyate)</sub>
| Wahpeton, Sisseton, Upper Yanktonai
| [[North Dakota]], USA
|-
| [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]]
| [[Standing Rock Sioux Tribe]]
| Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa
| North Dakota, [[South Dakota]], USA
|-
| [[Lake Traverse Indian Reservation]]
| [[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate]]
| Sisseton, Wahpeton
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Flandreau Indian Reservation]]
| [[Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe]]
| Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation]]
|[http://www.sioux.org/ Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe]
| Minneconjou, Blackfoot, Two Kettle, Sans Arc
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation]]
| [[Crow Creek Sioux Tribe]]
| Lower Yanktonai
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation]]
| [[Lower Brule Sioux Tribe]]
| Brulé
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Yankton Indian Reservation|Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation]]
| [[Yankton Sioux Tribe]]
| Yankton
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]]
| [[Oglala Lakota]]
| Oglala, few Brulé
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Rosebud Indian Reservation]]
| [[Rosebud Sioux Tribe]] (also as Sicangu Lakota or Upper Brulé Sioux Nation)
<sub>(Sičháŋǧu Oyate)</sub>
| Sićangu (Brulé), few Oglala
| South Dakota, USA
|-
| [[Upper Sioux Indian Reservation]]
| [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ Upper Sioux Community]
<sub>(Pejuhutazizi Oyate)</sub>
| Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton
| [[Minnesota]], USA
|-
| [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation]]
| [[Lower Sioux Indian Community]]
| Mdewakanton, Wahpekute
| Minnesota, USA
|-
| [[Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation]]
<sub>(Formerly Prior Lake Indian Reservation)</sub>
| [[Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]]
| Mdewakanton, Wahpekute
| Minnesota, USA
|-
| [[Prairie Island Indian Community]]
| [[Prairie Island Indian Community]]
| Mdewakanton, Wahpekute
| Minnesota, USA
|-
| [[Santee Indian Reservation]]
| [http://www.santeedakota.org/santee_sioux_tribe_of_nebraska.htm Santee Sioux Nation]
| Mdewakanton, Wahpekute
| [[Nebraska]], USA
|-
| [[Sioux Valley First Nation#Reserves|Sioux Valley Dakota Nation Reserve]], [[Sioux Valley First Nation#Reserves|Fishing Station 62A Reserve]]*
| [[Sioux Valley First Nation]]
| Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute
| [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]]
|-
| [[Dakota Plains Indian Reserve 6A]]
| [[Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation]]
| Wahpeton, Sisseton
| Manitoba, Canada
|-
| [[Dakota Tipi 1 Reserve]]
| [http://www.dakotatipi.ca/ Dakota Tipi First Nation]
| Wahpeton
| Manitoba, Canada
|-
| [[Birdtail Creek 57 Reserve]], [[Birdtail Hay Lands 57A Reserve]], [[Fishing Station 62A Reserve]]*
| [[Birdtail Sioux First Nation]]
| Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Yanktonai
| Manitoba, Canada
|-
| [[Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation Reserve]], [[Oak Lake 59A Reserve]], [[Fishing Station 62A Reserve]]*
| [[Canupawakpa Dakota Nation]]
| Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai
| Manitoba, Canada
|-
| [[Standing Buffalo 78 Reserve]]
| [[Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation]]
| Sisseton, Wahpeton
| [[Saskatchewan]], Canada
|-
| [[Whitecap Reserve]]
| [[Whitecap Dakota First Nation]]
| Wahpeton, Sisseton
| Saskatchewan, Canada
|-
|
| [[Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation]]
| Wahpeton
| Saskatchewan, Canada
|-
| [[Wood Mountain 160 Reserve]], [[Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reservation 77]]*
| [[Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan|Wood Mountain]]
| Hunkpapa
| Saskatchewan, Canada
|}
* Reserves shared with other First Nations

==20th century activism==

===Wounded Knee incident===
:{{Main|Wounded Knee incident}}
Beginning in the late 1960s, young Native Americans began to agitate for improved conditions, respect for their [[civil rights]], and better programs in education and economic development. Dramatic protests were conceived, such as the [[Occupation of Alcatraz|occupation of Alcatraz Island]] in California.

The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]] was seized by followers of the [[American Indian Movement]]. The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while various state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and the [[United States Marshals Service]] laid siege. Two members of A.I.M. were killed by gunfire during the incident.

===Republic of Lakota===
{{Main|Republic of Lakota}}
The ''Lakota Freedom Delegation'', a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007 the Lakota were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One of the activists, [[Russell Means]], claims that the action is legal and cites [[Natural law|Natural]], [[International law|International]] and [[U.S. law]].<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iVC1KMTOgwiSoMQyT2LwZc9HyAgA Descendants of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse break away from US], [http://afp.com Agence France-Presse news]</ref> The group considers Lakota to be a [[sovereign nation]], although as yet the state is [[Diplomatic recognition|generally unrecognized]]. The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Rapid City Journal|author=Bill Harlan|title=Lakota group secedes from U.S.|
date=21 December 2007|url=http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2007/12/21/news/local/doc476a99630633e335271152.txt|accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref>

==Political organization==
[[File:Oglala girl in front of a tipi.jpg|thumb|right|Ogalala Lakota Tipi]]
The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe’s way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.<ref name="life and customs"/>

*Political leaders were members of the ''Načá Omníčiye'' society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.<ref name="dog soldiers">{{cite book | last = Mails | first =Thomas E. |title = Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians | publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc.|year=1973 | isbn = 0-13-217216-X }}</ref>

*Societies were similar to [[Fraternal and service organizations|fraternities]]; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions.<ref name="life and customs"/> There were two types of societies: ''Akíčhita'', for the younger men, and ''Načá'', for elders and former leaders.<ref name="life and customs"/>

*''Akíčhita'' (Warrior) societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community.<ref name="dog soldiers"/> There were many smaller Akíčhita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.<ref name="dog soldiers"/>

*Leaders in the ''Načá'' societies, per Načá Omníčiye, were the tribal elders and leaders. They elected seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as ''Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ'' ("chief man"). Each Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Načá.<ref name="dog soldiers"/>

*The ''Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ'' would elect two to four ''Shirt Wearers'', who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations.<ref name="life and customs"/> Shirt Wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leaderships skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. [[Crazy Horse]] is an example of a common-born "Shirt Wearer".<ref name="life and customs"/>

*A ''Wakíčhuŋza'' ("Pipe Holder") ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The Pipe Holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akíčhita societies during buffalo hunts.<ref name="dog soldiers"/>

==Linguistics==
{{Main|Sioux language|Lakota language|Dakota language}}
[[File:Chief Bone Necklace-Oglala Lakota-1899 Heyn Photo.jpg|thumb|Chief Bone Necklace an Oglala Lakota from the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] (1899)]]
The Sioux comprise three closely related language groups:

# '''[[Dakota language|Eastern Dakota]]''' (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
#* Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
#* Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
# '''[[Dakota language|Western Dakota]]''' (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
#* Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
#* Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
# '''[[Lakota language|Lakota]]''' (or Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)

The earlier linguistic three-way division of the Sioux language identified ''Lakota'', ''Dakota'', and ''Nakota'' as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai.<ref name="riggs"/> However, the latest studies <ref name="NLD"/><ref name="PD">{{cite journal|last=Parks |first= D. R.|coauthors=DeMallie, R. J.|year=1992|title=Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: a Classification |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume= 34|issue= 1–4 }}</ref> show that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the autonym ''Nakhóta'', but pronounced their name roughly the same as the Santee (i.e. ''Dakȟóta'').

These later studies identify Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three similar dialects: Lakota, Western Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and Eastern Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Assiniboine and Stoney speakers refer to themselves as ''Nakhóta'' or ''Nakhóda''<ref name="NLD"/> (cf. [[Nakota]]).

The term ''Dakota'' has also been applied by [[anthropologists]] and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as ''Teton Dakota'', ''Santee Dakota'', etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which ''Sioux'' is derived.<ref name="life and customs"/>

==Modern geographic divisions==
[[Image:Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief 0044v crop.jpg|thumb|Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief ([[Karl Bodmer]])]]
The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in [[Manitoba]], southern [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Alberta]] in Canada.

The earliest known European record of the Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.<ref name="riggs"/> After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the [[Platte River]], from Minnesota to the [[Yellowstone River]], including the [[Powder River (Montana)|Powder River]] country.<ref name="dog soldiers"/>

{{anchor|Eastern Dakota}}

===Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)===
The Santee migrated north and westward from the [[Southeast United States]], first into [[Ohio]], then to [[Minnesota]]. Some came up from the [[Santee River]] and [[Lake Marion (South Carolina)|Lake Marion]], area of [[South Carolina]]. The Santee River was named after them, and some of their ancestors' ancient [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork mounds]] have survived along the portion of the dammed-up river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were a [[Woodland]] people who thrived on hunting, fishing and farming.

Migrations of [[Ojibwe people|Anishinaabe/Chippewa (Ojibwe)]] people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the [[Mississippi River]] and up to its headwaters.<ref name="riggs"/>

{{anchor|Western Dakota}}

===Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)===
The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the [[anglicize]]d spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to ''Nasunatanka'' and ''Matononpa'' in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).<ref name="riggs"/>

They were involved in quarrying [[Catlinite|pipestone]]. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the [[Mankato]] region of Minnesota.<ref name="Dakota ways">{{cite book | last = OneRoad | first =Amos E. | coauthors = Alanson Skinner | title = Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society |year=2003 | isbn = 0-87351-453-X }}</ref>

===Lakota (Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ)===
{{Main|Lakota people}}
The Sioux likely obtained horses sometime during the seventeenth century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720, and credit the Cheyenne with introducing horse culture to the Lakota). The Teton (Lakota) division of the Sioux emerged as a result of this introduction. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the [[Rocky Mountains]] (which they call ''Heska'', "white mountains"). The Lakota once subsisted on the [[American Bison|buffalo]] hunt, and on corn. They acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the [[Mandan]] and [[Hidatsa]] along the [[Missouri River|Missouri]].<ref name="riggs"/>

==Ethnic divisions==
[[File:Sioux social structure council fires.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Dakota, Nakota and Lakota historic distribution]]
[[Image:Sioux-Womendress.jpg|thumb|upright|Womendress of the Sioux]]
[[Image:Sioux-Baby sling.jpg|thumb|upright|Baby sling of the Sioux]]
The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands.

*The Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. However after the Dakota war of 1862 many Santee we sent to [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation]] and in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the [[Santee Sioux Reservation]].

*Most of the Yanktons live on the [[Yankton Indian Reservation]] in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation]] and [[Crow Creek Reservation]]. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of [[Standing Rock Reservation]], on the [[Spirit Lake Reservation]] in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the [[Fort Peck Indian Reservation]] in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.<ref name="NLD" />

*The Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]].

Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.

* '''Santee division (Eastern Dakota)''' (''Isáŋyathi'')<ref name="NLD" />
** [[Mdewakanton]]wan (''Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ'' "Spirit Lake Village")<ref name="NLD" />
**: notable persons: [[Taoyateduta]]
** Sisseton (''Sisíthuŋwaŋ'', perhaps meaning "Fishing Grounds Village")
** Wahpekute (''Waȟpékhute'', "Leaf Archers")<ref name="NLD" />
**:notable persons: [[Inkpaduta]]
** Wahpetonwan (''Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ'', "Leaf Village")<ref name="NLD" />

* '''Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota)''' (''Wičhíyena'')
** Yankton ({{unicode|''Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ''}}, "End Village")<ref name="NLD" />
** Yanktonai ({{unicode|''Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna''}}, "Little End Village")<ref name="NLD" />
***Upper Yanktonai
***Unkpatina<ref>not to be confused with the Oglala ''thiyóšpaye'' bearing the same name, "Unkpatila", the most famous member of which was [[Crazy Horse]]</ref> or Lower Yanktonai
**: notable persons: [[Wanata]], [[Chief War Eagle]]

* '''Teton division ([[Lakota people|Lakota]])''' ({{unicode|''Thítȟuŋwaŋ''}},<ref name="NLD" /> perhaps meaning "Dwellers on the Prairie"):
** [[Oglala Lakota|Oglála]] (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")
**: notable persons: [[Crazy Horse]], [[Red Cloud]], [[Black Elk]], [[Chief Blue Horse|Blue Horse]], [[Iron Tail]], [[Flying Hawk]] and [[Billy Mills]] (Olympian)
** [[Hunkpapa]] ({{unicode|''Húŋkpapȟa''}},<ref name="NLD" /> meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")
**: notable persons: [[Sitting Bull]]
** [[Sihasapa]] (''Sihásapa'', "Blackfoot Sioux,"<ref name="NLD" /> not to be confused with the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking [[Blackfeet]])
** [[Minniconjou]] ({{unicode|''Mnikȟówožu''}}, "Those who Plant by Water")<ref name="NLD" />
**: notable persons: [[Lone Horn]], [[Touch the Clouds]]
** [[Brulé]] ([[French language|French]] translation of {{unicode|''Sičháŋǧu''}}, "Burned Thigh")<ref name="NLD" />
** [[Sans Arcs]] (French translation of ''Itázipčho'', "Those Without Bows")<ref name="NLD" />
** [[Two Kettles]] (''Oóhenupa'', "Two Boilings")<ref name="NLD" />

==In popular media==
[[File:Sioux buffalo dance, 1894.ogg|thumb|Video clip of a dance performed by a Sioux tribe from Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. This is part of a group of films constituting the first appearance of Native Americans in motion pictures]]

* The Richard Harris film ''[[A Man Called Horse (film)|A Man Called Horse]]'' and its two sequels depicts Sioux customs and histories.
* The HBO movie ''[[Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (film)|Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee]]'' depicts the relocation and reservations of the people from the Sioux perspective, based on the book by [[Dee Brown (writer)|Dee Brown]].
* The films ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'' and ''[[Thunderheart]]'' contain depictions of the Sioux People.
* "Elegy to the Sioux," a poem by Norman Dubie
* The mini-series ''[[Into the West (TV miniseries)|Into the West]]'' depicts the Sioux, specifically the [[Lakota people|Lakota]], during some of first ventures of the "white men" into the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains.
* The novel ''[[A Death for Beauty]]'' depicts the Lakota Sioux and their battles with the U.S. Cavalry during the Civil War.
* The Film ''[[Hidalgo (film)|Hidalgo]]'' depicts the events of Frank Hopkins, a rider for the United States Army, who was at the Wounded Knee Massacre as he wrestles with his Sioux heritage.
* The film "[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]" features Lakota people, including a main supporting character, Little Creek. 
* Aaron Huey's TED presentation "America's Native Prisoners of War." – Sept. 2010<ref>[http://www.ted.com/talks/aaron_huey.html Aaron Huey: America's native prisoners of war]. Video on Ted.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.</ref>
* Diane Sawyer Takes an In-Depth look at the Young Dreamers and Survivors of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Fighting Against Decades of Neglect Airing Friday, October 14, 2011 on ABC

==Notable Sioux==

===Historical===
[[File:Grabill - Red Cloud and American Horse.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Chiefs [[American Horse]] and [[Red Cloud]] (1891)]] 
[[File:US-$5-SC-1899-Fr.271.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Running Antelope]], a Hunkpapa Lakota Chief, depicted on the US 1899 $5 [[Silver Certificate]].]]
* Šóta ([[Old Chief Smoke]]) — an original Oglala Lakota head chief
* Siŋté Gleśká ([[Spotted Tail]]) — Brulé chief who resisted joining [[Red Cloud's War]]
* Thaóyate Dúta ([[Little Crow]]/His Red Nation) —  Mdewakanton Dakota chief and warrior
* Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ([[Sitting Bull]]) — Famous Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man
* Tȟašúŋke Witkó ([[Crazy Horse]]) — Famous Oglala Lakota warrior 
* Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagye ([[Touch the Clouds]]) –  Minneconjou Lakota chief and warrior
* Maȟpíya Lúta ([[Red Cloud]]) — Famous Oglala Lakota chief and spokesperson 
* Heȟáka Sápa ([[Black Elk]]) — Famous Oglala Lakota medicine and holy man
* Ité Omáǧažu ([[Rain-in-the-Face]]) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief 
* Tȟáȟča Hušté ([[Lame Deer]]) — Mineconju Lakota holy man and spiritual preserver
* Wi Sapa ([[Black Moon (person)|Black Moon]]) —  Miniconjou Lakota chief 
* Matȟó Héȟloǧeča ([[Hollow Horn Bear]]) — Sicangu (Brulé) Lakota leader
* Phizí ([[Gall (Native American leader)|Gall]]) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
* Ógle Lúta ([[Red Shirt (Oglala)|Red Shirt]]) — Oglala Lakota warrior and chief
* Inkpaduta ([[Inkpaduta|Scarlet Point]]/Red End) — Wahpekute Dakota war chief 
* Waŋbdí Tháŋka ([[Big Eagle]]) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief
* Tamaha ([[Chief Tamaha|One Eye/Standing Moose]]) — Mdewekanton Dakota chief 
* Ota Kte ([[Luther Standing Bear]]/Plenty Kill) — Oglala Lakota writer and actor
* Numpkahapa ([[Two Strike]]) — Sicangu Lakota chief
* Cetan Sápa ([[Black Hawk (artist)|Black Hawk]]) — Itázipčho Lakota [[ledger art]]ist
* Tȟatȟóka Íŋyaŋke ([[Running Antelope]]) — Hunkpapa Lakota chief  
* Mato Watakpe ([[John Grass]]/Charging Bear) — Sihasapa Lakota chief
* Tȟatȟáŋka Ská ([[White Bull]]) — Miniconjou Lakota warrior and nephew of Sitting Bull
* Wanbli Kte ([[Kill Eagle]]) — Sihasapa  Lakota warrior and leader
* Sunka Wakan To ([[Chief Blue Horse|Blue Horse]]) — Oglala chief, warrior, educator and statesman
* Matȟó Wayúhi ([[Conquering Bear]]) — Sičháŋǧu Lakota chief
* Čhetáŋ Kiŋyáŋ ([[Flying Hawk]]) — Oglala Lakota chief, philosopher, and historian  
* Matȟó Wanáȟtake ([[Kicking Bear]]) — Oglala born Miniconjou Lakota warrior and chief
* Unpan Glešká ([[Spotted Elk]]/Big Foot) — Miniconjou Lakota chief 
* Hehwongechat ([[Lone Horn]]) — Miniconjou Lakota chief  
* Kȟaŋǧí Yátapi ([[Crow King]]/Medicine Bag That Burns) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
* Wicasa Tankala ([[Little Big Man]]/Charging Bear) — Oglala Lakota Warrior 
* Xunka Kuciyedano ([[Low Dog]]) — Oglala Lakota chief and warrior
* Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke ([[American Horse]]) ("The Younger") — Oglala Lakota Chief
* Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke ([[American Horse (elder)|American Horse]]) ("The Elder") — Oglala Lakota Chief
* Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi ([[Young Man Afraid Of His Horses]]) — Oglala Lakota Chief
* Ištáȟba ([[Ishtakhaba|Sleepy Eye]]) — Sisseton Dakota chief
* Ohíyes’a ([[Charles Eastman]]) — Author, physician and reformer
* Colonel [[Gregory "Pappy" Boyington]] — World War II Fighter Ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux
* Charging Thunder (1877–1929), [[Sihasapa|Blackfoot Sioux]] chief who was part of [[Buffalo Bill]]'s Wild West Show in 1903, but remained in England when the show returned to America. He married Josephine, an American horse trainer who had just given birth to their first child, Bessie, and together they settled in [[Darwen]], before moving to [[Gorton]]. His name became ''George Edward Williams'', after registering with the British immigration authorities to enable him to find work. Williams ended up working at the [[Belle Vue Zoological Gardens|Belle Vue Zoo]] as an elephant keeper. He died from pneumonia on July 28, 1929. His interment was at Gorton's cemetery. 
* Ota Kte ([[Luther Standing Bear]]) — Author, educator, philosopher and actor
* Zitkala-Ša ([[Gertrude Simmons Bonnin]]) — Author, educator, musician and political activist

{{clear}}

===Contemporary===
[[File:MSgt Woodrow Wilson Keeble.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Woodrow Keeble]], [[Medal of Honor]] recipient.]]
*[[Robert "Tree" Cody]], Native American flutist (Dakota)
*[[Elizabeth Cook-Lynn]], activist, academic, and writer
*[[Mary Crow Dog]], writer and activist
*[[Vine Deloria, Jr.]], activist and essayist
*[[Indigenous (band)|Indigenous]], blues band (Nakota)
*[[Illinois Jacquet]], [[jazz]] [[saxophonist]] (half Sioux and half African American)
*[[Eddie Little Sky]], actor (Oglala)
*[[Russell Means]], activist (Oglala)
*[[Ed McGaa]], author, (Oglala) CPT US Marine Corp F-4 Phantom Fighter Pilot
*[[Billy Mills]], only American ever to win the [[long-distance track event|10,000 meters]] at the [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympics]] ([[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]) – Oglala
*[[Eddie Spears]], actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)
*[[Michael Spears]], actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)
*[[Williams and Ree|Terry Ree]], comedian
*[[John Trudell]], activist, poet, actor (Dakota)
*[[Floyd Red Crow Westerman]] (1936–2007), singer and actor (Dakota)
*[[Kim Winona]] (1930–1978), actress
*[[Leonard Peltier]], activist, imprisoned for allegedly killing two FBI agents in 1975
*[[Woodrow Keeble]], ([[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate]]) first Sioux Medal of Honor recipient for his valor during the Korean War
*[[Luther Standing Bear]], Sioux author, actor, and rights activist
*[[Chaske Spencer]], actor
*[[Waziyatawin]] (Angela Wilson), author, professor, and activist (from the Upper Sioux Community/Pezihutazizi)

==Legacy==
A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected at the [[Spruce Woods Provincial Park]] by the province to commemorate Assiniboin (Nakota) First Nation's role in [[Manitoba]]'s heritage.<ref>[http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/hrb/plaques/plaq1534.html Manitoba Plaque]. Gov.mb.ca. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of North America}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last =Hassrick |first = Royal B|year =1977 |title =The Sioux: life and customs of a warrior society |url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=SiJT9rK6YugC&lpg=PP1|publisher= University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0-8061-0607-7 }}
* {{cite book |last =Gibbon |first =Guy E |year =2003 |title =The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations|url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=Y8WyblLdXYIC&lpg=PP1|publisher=Blackwell |isbn= 1-55786-566-3}}
* {{cite book |last = McLaughlin |first = Marie L|year =2010 |title =Myths and Legends of the Sioux |url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=GL1Q5Twhg9gC&lpg=PP1 |publisher= BiblioBazaar|isbn= 978-1-141-80554-9}}
* {{cite book |last = Hyde |first = George E|year =1993 |title = A Sioux chronicle|url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=iyOGOGPN9FkC&lpg=PP1 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2483-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Standing Bear |first =Luther |coauthors= E A Brininstool|year =2006 |title =My People the Sioux |url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=ltSXg-abnU4C&lpg=PP1 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn= 0-8032-9332-1 }}
*[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/08/pine-ridge/fuller-text In the Shadow of Wounded Knee] August 2012 [[National Geographic (magazine)]] with [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/08/pine-ridge/reservation-map Reservation map history]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc}}
* [http://www.wisdomlib.org/native-american/compilation/myths-and-legends-of-the-sioux/index.html Myths And Legends Of The Sioux]
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/aaron_huey.html A compressed History of the Sioux] TED talk by photographer Aaron Huey
* {{Cite AmCyc|Dakotas}}

[[Category:Sioux| ]]
[[Category:Plains tribes]]

{{Link GA|sv}}