Sitting Bull
From birchyHistory
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Sitting Bull led numerous war parties against [[Fort Berthold]], [[Fort Stevenson]], and [[Fort Buford]] and their environs from 1865 through 1868.<ref>[[#Reference-idUtley1993|Utley 1993]], pp. 66–72.</ref> Although [[Red Cloud]] was a leader of the [[Oglala Lakota]], his leadership and attacks against forts in the [[Powder River Country]] of Montana were supported by Sitting Bull's [[guerrilla]] attacks on emigrant parties and smaller forts throughout the upper Missouri River region.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} | Sitting Bull led numerous war parties against [[Fort Berthold]], [[Fort Stevenson]], and [[Fort Buford]] and their environs from 1865 through 1868.<ref>[[#Reference-idUtley1993|Utley 1993]], pp. 66–72.</ref> Although [[Red Cloud]] was a leader of the [[Oglala Lakota]], his leadership and attacks against forts in the [[Powder River Country]] of Montana were supported by Sitting Bull's [[guerrilla]] attacks on emigrant parties and smaller forts throughout the upper Missouri River region.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} | ||
| − | By early 1868, the U.S. government desired a peaceful settlement to [[Red Cloud's War]]. It agreed to Red Cloud's demands that Forts [[Fort Phil Kearny|Phil Kearny]] and [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)|C.F. Smith]] be abandoned. Chief Gall of the Hunkpapas (among other representatives of the Hunkpapas, [[Sihasapa|Blackfeet]], and [[Yankton Dakota]]) signed a form of the [[ | + | By early 1868, the U.S. government desired a peaceful settlement to [[Red Cloud's War]]. It agreed to Red Cloud's demands that Forts [[Fort Phil Kearny|Phil Kearny]] and [[Fort C. F. Smith (Fort Smith, Montana)|C.F. Smith]] be abandoned. Chief Gall of the Hunkpapas (among other representatives of the Hunkpapas, [[Sihasapa|Blackfeet]], and [[Yankton Dakota]]) signed a form of the [[Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868]] on July 2, 1868 at [[Fort Rice]] (near [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], [[North Dakota]]).<ref>[[#Reference-idUtley1993|Utley 1993]], p. 80.</ref> Sitting Bull did not agree to the treaty. He continued his hit-and-run attacks on forts in the upper Missouri area throughout the late 1860s and early 1870s.<ref>[[#Reference-idUtley1993|Utley 1993]], p. 82.</ref> |
The events of –1868 mark a historically debated period of Sitting Bull's life. According to [[historian]] [[Stanley Vestal]], who conducted interviews with surviving Hunkpapa in 1930, Sitting Bull was made "Supreme Chief of the whole Sioux Nation" at this time. Later historians and [[ethnologist]]s have refuted this concept of authority, as the Lakota society was highly decentralised. Lakota bands and their elders made individual decisions.<ref>[[#Reference-idUtley1993|Utley 1993]], p. 88-89.</ref> | The events of –1868 mark a historically debated period of Sitting Bull's life. According to [[historian]] [[Stanley Vestal]], who conducted interviews with surviving Hunkpapa in 1930, Sitting Bull was made "Supreme Chief of the whole Sioux Nation" at this time. Later historians and [[ethnologist]]s have refuted this concept of authority, as the Lakota society was highly decentralised. Lakota bands and their elders made individual decisions.<ref>[[#Reference-idUtley1993|Utley 1993]], p. 88-89.</ref> | ||
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{{details|Battle of the Little Bighorn}} | {{details|Battle of the Little Bighorn}} | ||
[[Image:little bighorn memorial overview with clouds.jpg|thumb|Little Bighorn battlefield]] | [[Image:little bighorn memorial overview with clouds.jpg|thumb|Little Bighorn battlefield]] | ||
| − | During the period 1868–1876, Sitting Bull developed into the most important of Native American [[tribal chief|chief]]s. After the [[ | + | During the period 1868–1876, Sitting Bull developed into the most important of Native American [[tribal chief|chief]]s. After the [[Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868]] and the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation, many traditional Sioux warriors, such as Red Cloud of the Oglala and Spotted Tail of the [[Brulé]], moved to reside permanently on the reservations. They were largely dependent for subsistence on the US Indian agencies. Many other chiefs, including members of Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa band such as Gall, at times lived temporarily at the agencies. They needed the supplies at a time when white encroachment and the depletion of buffalo herds reduced their resources and challenged Native American independence.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} |
In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance, with both the Cheyenne [[medicine man]] White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association. This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876.<ref name="cheyenne">{{cite web |last=Liberty |first=Dr. Margot |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |url=http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/cheyenneprimacy.htm |title=Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876 |work= |publisher=Friends of the Little Bighorn |accessdate=13 January 2008}}</ref> Sitting Bull had a major revelation. | In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance, with both the Cheyenne [[medicine man]] White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association. This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876.<ref name="cheyenne">{{cite web |last=Liberty |first=Dr. Margot |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |url=http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/cheyenneprimacy.htm |title=Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876 |work= |publisher=Friends of the Little Bighorn |accessdate=13 January 2008}}</ref> Sitting Bull had a major revelation. | ||
